Intel Processors
Technology Used
Intel® Core™ microarchitecture: Higher performance, greater energy efficiency, and more responsive multitasking for enhanced user experiences in all environments.
Intel® Quad-Core technology
Intel® Quad-Core processors deliver four complete execution cores within a single processor, delivering unprecedented performance and responsiveness in multithreaded and multitasking business and home use environments.
Additional transistors deliver advanced capabilities—from dual- and multi-cores and improved cache, to innovative technologies such as virtualization and security.
First delivered in 2005
45nm Hi-k metal gate technology
With more than 400 million transistors for dual-core processors and more than 800 million for quad-core, the 45nm family introduces new microarchitecture features for greater performance and new levels of energy efficiency.
H2 2007
Intel® next generation architecture—"Nehalem"
Nehalem is a truly dynamic and design-scalable microarchitecture that will deliver both performance on demand and optimal price/performance/energy efficiency for each platform.
2008
Intel 64 architecture improves performance by allowing systems to address more than 4 GB of both virtual and physical memory.
First delivered in 2004
New instruction set innovation—SSE4
Streaming SIMD Extensions 4 (SSE4) is Intel's largest ISA extension in terms of scope and impact since SSE2 and offers dozens of new innovative instructions.
H2 2007
Architecture Used
Intel® Core™ Microarchitecture
Intel® Core™ microarchitecture is the foundation for new Intel® architecture-based desktop, mobile, and mainstream server multi-core processors. This state-of-the-art, multi-core optimized microarchitecture delivers a number of new and innovative features that have set new standards for energy-efficient performance.
Intel Core microarchitecture extends the energy-efficient philosophy first delivered in Intel's mobile microarchitecture found in the Intel® Pentium® M processor, and greatly enhances it with many new and leading-edge micro architectural innovations as well as existing Intel NetBurst® microarchitecture features.
Intel Core microarchitecture extends the energy-efficient philosophy first delivered in Intel's mobile microarchitecture found in the Intel® Pentium® M processor, and greatly enhances it with many new and leading-edge micro architectural innovations as well as existing Intel NetBurst® microarchitecture features.
Intel Architecture Labs
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Intel Architecture Labs, also known as IAL, was the Personal Computer system research and development arm of Intel Corporation during the 1990s. IAL was created by Intel Vice-President Ron Whittier together with Craig Kinnie and Steven McGeady to develop the hardware and software innovations considered to be lacking from PC OEMs and Microsoft in the late 1980s and 1990s.
IAL pursued both hardware and software initiatives, but the latter became de-emphasized after the efforts collided with similar activities by Microsoft. For example, Native Signal Processing (NSP) was a software initiative to allow Intel-based PCs to run time-sensitive code independently of the operating system, allowing real-time audio and video processing on the microprocessors of the mid-1990s. Microsoft refused to support NSP in its operating systems and convinced PC makers that the NSP drivers would render their systems unsupported, and Intel pulled back from promoting the software, leaving NSP as an orphan. IAL also tangled with Microsoft by supporting Netscape and their early browser, and by producing a fast native x86 port of the Java system. Most of these projects were later shelved, and after 1997 IAL tended not to risk competing with Microsoft. The details of IAL's conflicts with Microsoft over software were revealed in Steven McGeady's testimony in the Microsoft anti-trust trial.
Not all of IAL's software efforts met bad ends due to Microsoft -- IAL developed one of the first software digital video systems, Indeo(tm), technology that was used in its ProShare videoconferencing product line but suffered late from neglect and was sold to another company in the late 1990s.
However, IAL successes in the hardware world are legendary, and include PCI, USB, AGP, the Northbridge/Southbridge core logic architecture and PCI Express (the now-dominant architecture for multi-processor servers).
In 2001, after the departure
AMD Processor Specs
Technology Used
(Advanced Micro Devices) A major manufacturer of semiconductor devices including x86-compatible CPUs, embedded processors, flash memories, programmable logic devices and networking chips. Founded in 1969 by Jerry Sanders and seven friends, AMD's first product was a 4-bit shift register. During the 1970s, it entered the memory business, and after reverse engineering the popular 8080 CPU, the microprocessor market as well.
Throughout the 1980s, AMD was a second-source supplier of Intel x86 CPUs, but in 1991, it introduced the 386-compatible Am386, an AMD-architected chip. With its own chip designs, AMD began to compete directly with Intel. Two years later, the Am486 was introduced, followed throughout the 1990s by the K5, K6 and Athlon families. In 2000, AMD introduced its value line of Duron chips, which were superseded by Sempron in 2004. All AMD-designed chips have been noted for their cool-running, innovative architectures.
In 2003, AMD debuted the Opteron, the first 64-bit x86-compatible CPU on the market. Intended for servers and high-end workstations, the Opterons were followed by 64-bit Athlon models for the desktop. Microsoft announced it would support AMD's 64-bit extensions in Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Over the years, numerous PC vendors, both small and large, have successfully used millions of AMD's CPU chips in their PCs.
Opteron
The first of AMD's 64-bit CPU chips, formerly code named Sledgehammer (part of the Hammer line). Introduced in April 2003, the Opteron fully supports 32-bit applications, but requires that programs be optimized and recompiled to take full advantage of the 64 bits. The 64-bit version of Windows XP also takes advantage of the increased CPU word size. Intended for servers and high-end workstations, the Opteron competes with Intel's Xeon and Itanium lines. AMD subsequently introduced 64-bit Athlon CPUs
Athlon
A family of Pentium-compatible CPU chips from AMD. The first 32-bit models were introduced as Pentium III-class CPUs in 1999 with a 200MHz system bus and CPU speeds up to 650MHz. Over subsequent years, AMD added numerous models of 32-bit Athlons for desktop, server and mobile use, long since exceeding the initial clock speeds
AMD64
The AMD64 design, known as the Direct Connect Architecture (DCA), includes a set of 64-bit instructions as well as 64-bit registers that allows the CPU to address more than 4GB of memory, which is the limit of 32-bit registers. It also added a DDR memory controller directly on the CPU chip for increased performance.
Architecture Used
AMD started as a producer of logic chips in 1969, then entered the RAM chip business in 1975. That same year, it introduced a reverse-engineered clone of the Intel 8080 microprocessor. During this period, AMD also designed and produced a series of bit-slice processor elements (Am2900, Am29116, Am293xx) which were used in various minicomputer designs.
During this time, AMD attempted to embrace the perceived shift towards RISC with their own AMD 29K processor, and they attempted to diversify into graphics and audio devices as well as EPROM memory. It had some success in the mid-80s with the AMD7910 and AMD7911 "World Chip" FSK modem, one of the first multistandard devices that covered both Bell and CCITT tones at up to 1200 baud half duplex or 300/300 full duplex. While the AMD 29K survived as an embedded processor and AMD spinoff Spansion continues to make industry leading flash memory, AMD was not as successful with its other endeavors. AMD decided to switch gears and concentrate solely on Intel-compatible microprocessors and flash memory. This put them in direct competition with Intel for x86 compatible processors and their flash memory secondary markets
AMD x86 processors
AMD 80286 1982
In February 1982, AMD signed a contract with Intel, becoming a licensed second-source manufacturer of 8086 and 8088 processors. IBM wanted to use the Intel 8088 in its IBM PC, but IBM's policy at the time was to require at least two sources for its chips. AMD later produced the Am286 under the same arrangement, but Intel canceled the agreement in 1986 and refused to convey technical details of the i386 part.
AMD challenged Intel's decision to cancel the agreement and won in arbitration, but Intel disputed this decision. A long legal dispute followed, ending in 1994 when the Supreme Court of California sided with AMD. Subsequent legal disputes centered on whether AMD had legal rights to use derivatives of Intel's microcode. In the face of uncertainty, AMD was forced to develop "clean room" versions of Intel code.
AMD 80286 1982
In February 1982, AMD signed a contract with Intel, becoming a licensed second-source manufacturer of 8086 and 8088 processors. IBM wanted to use the Intel 8088 in its IBM PC, but IBM's policy at the time was to require at least two sources for its chips. AMD later produced the Am286 under the same arrangement, but Intel canceled the agreement in 1986 and refused to convey technical details of the i386 part.
AMD challenged Intel's decision to cancel the agreement and won in arbitration, but Intel disputed this decision. A long legal dispute followed, ending in 1994 when the Supreme Court of California sided with AMD. Subsequent legal disputes centered on whether AMD had legal rights to use derivatives of Intel's microcode. In the face of uncertainty, AMD was forced to develop "clean room" versions of Intel code.
In 1991, AMD released the Am386, its clone of the Intel 386 processor. It took less than a year for the company to sell a million units. Later, the Am486 was used by a number of large OEMs, including Compaq, and proved popular. Another Am486-based product, the Am5x86, continued AMD's success as a low-price alternative. However, as product cycles shortened in the PC industry, the process of reverse engineering Intel's products became an ever less viable strategy for AMD
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